Studies

Ader & Cohen (1975) — Behaviorally Conditioned Immunosuppression.

Solomon & Moos (1964) — Emotions, Immunity, and Disease.

Kiecolt-Glaser et al. (1984) — Distress and Immune Response in Medical Students.

Glaser et al. (1985) — Stress-Related Changes in the Bacterial Immune Response.

Glaser et al. (1987) — Stress-Related Immune Suppression.

Cohen, Tyrrell & Smith (1991) — Psychological Stress and Susceptibility to the Common Cold.

Cohen et al. (1998) — Types of Stressors That Increase Susceptibility to the Common Cold.

Segerstrom & Miller (2004) — Psychological Stress and the Human Immune System: Meta-Analysis.

Kiecolt-Glaser et al. (2005) — Hostile Marital Interactions, Cytokines, and Wound Healing.

Cohen, Janicki-Deverts & Miller (2007) — Psychological Stress and Disease.

Miller, Chen & Parker (2011) — Childhood Stress and Chronic Diseases of Aging.

Slavich & Irwin (2014) — Stress, Inflammation, and Major Depressive Disorder.

Dhabhar (2014) — Effects of Stress on Immune Function.

Shields, Spahr & Slavich (2020) — Psychosocial Interventions and Immune System Function.

Friedman & Rosenman (1959) — Behavior Patterns and Cardiovascular Findings.

Williams et al. (1980) — Type A Behavior, Hostility, and Coronary Atherosclerosis.

Rozanski, Blumenthal & Kaplan (1999) — Psychological Factors and Cardiovascular Disease.

Chida & Steptoe (2009) — Anger, Hostility, and Future Coronary Heart Disease.

Steptoe & Kivimäki (2012) — Stress and Cardiovascular Disease.

Templin et al. (2015) — Clinical Features and Outcomes of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy.

Kivimäki & Steptoe (2018) — Stress and Cardiovascular Disease Development and Progression.

Gaffey et al. (2022) — Stress-Related Disorders and Cardiovascular Health Literature.

Friedman et al. (1993) — Does Childhood Personality Predict Longevity?

Roberts et al. (2007) — The Power of Personality in Predicting Life Outcomes.

Kern & Friedman (2008) — Conscientiousness and Longevity.

Jokela et al. (2013) — Personality and All-Cause Mortality.

Bogg & Roberts (2004) — Conscientiousness and Health-Related Behaviors.

Martin, Friedman & Schwartz (2007) — Personality and Mortality Across the Lifespan.

Wilson et al. (2005) — Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Mortality.

Felitti et al. (1998) — Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study.

Anda et al. (2006) — Enduring Effects of Childhood Abuse and Adverse Experiences.

Danese et al. (2007) — Childhood Maltreatment and Adult Inflammation.

Shonkoff, Boyce & McEwen (2009) — Childhood Roots of Health Disparities.

Miller et al. (2011) — Childhood Stress and Chronic Disease Susceptibility.

Hughes et al. (2017) — Multiple ACEs and Adult Health: Meta-Analysis.

Nelson et al. (2020) — Childhood Adversity and Lifelong Mental and Physical Health.

Teicher & Samson (2016) — Neurobiological Effects of Childhood Abuse and Neglect.

McLaughlin et al. (2014) — Childhood Adversity, Threat, and Neural Development.

Gross (1998) — The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation.

Gross (2002) — Emotional Regulation and Its Consequences.

Gross & John (2003) — Individual Differences in Emotion Regulation.

Butler et al. (2003) — Social Consequences of Expressive Suppression.

Gross & Levenson (1993) — Emotional Suppression and Physiology.

Gross & Levenson (1997) — Hiding Feelings: Physiological Effects.

John & Gross (2004) — Healthy and Unhealthy Emotion Regulation.

Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema & Schweizer (2010) — Emotion Regulation Across Psychopathology.

Webb, Miles & Sheeran (2012) — Effectiveness of Emotion-Regulation Strategies.

Troy, Shallcross & Mauss (2013) — Cognitive Reappraisal and Situational Context.

Pennebaker & Beall (1986) — Confronting Traumatic Events, Inhibition, and Disease.

Pennebaker (1997) — Writing About Emotional Experiences as Therapy.

Smyth (1998) — Written Emotional Expression: Meta-Analysis.

Frattaroli (2006) — Experimental Emotional Disclosure: Meta-Analysis.

Lumley et al. (2017) — Emotional Awareness and Expression Therapy for Fibromyalgia.

Lumley, Schubiner et al. (2017) — Emotional Awareness Therapy for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain.

Hayes et al. (1996) — Experiential Avoidance and Behavioral Disorders.

Kashdan et al. (2006) — Experiential Avoidance as Psychological Vulnerability.

Chawla & Ostafin (2007) — Experiential Avoidance and Psychopathology.

Beecher (1955) — The Powerful Placebo.

Levine, Gordon & Fields (1978) — Mechanisms of Placebo Analgesia.

Benedetti et al. (1999) — Prior Opioid Exposure and Placebo Effects.

Wager et al. (2004) — Placebo-Induced Changes in Brain Activity During Pain.

Kaptchuk et al. (2010) — Placebos Without Deception in Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Finniss et al. (2010) — Biological and Clinical Advances in Placebo Effects.

Colloca & Miller (2011) — The Nocebo Effect and Clinical Practice.

Rief et al. (2017) — Patient Expectations and Heart Surgery Outcomes.

Bingel et al. (2011) — Treatment Expectations and Opioid Analgesia.

Vlaeyen & Linton (2000) — Fear-Avoidance Beliefs and Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain.

Quartana, Campbell & Edwards (2009) — Pain Catastrophizing: Critical Review.

Ashar et al. (2022) — Pain Reprocessing Therapy for Chronic Back Pain.

Ashar et al. (2025) — Long-Term Outcomes of Pain Reprocessing Therapy.

Moseley et al. (2004) — Neurophysiology Education for Chronic Back Pain.

Louw et al. (2011) — Neuroscience Education, Pain, Disability, Anxiety, and Stress.

Williams et al. (2020) — Psychological Therapies for Chronic Pain: Cochrane Review.

House, Landis & Umberson (1988) — Social Relationships and Health.

Cohen & Wills (1985) — Stress, Social Support, and the Buffering Hypothesis.

Holt-Lunstad, Smith & Layton (2010) — Social Relationships and Mortality Risk.

Holt-Lunstad et al. (2015) — Loneliness, Social Isolation, and Mortality.

Cacioppo & Hawkley (2009) — Perceived Social Isolation and Cognition.

Uchino (2006) — Social Support and Physiological Health Processes.

Robles et al. (2014) — Marital Quality and Health: Meta-Analysis.

Scheier & Carver (1985) — Optimism, Coping, and Health.

Cohen et al. (2003) — Emotional Style and Susceptibility to the Common Cold.

Chida & Steptoe (2008) — Psychological Well-Being and Mortality.

Kim et al. (2013) — Purpose in Life and Myocardial Infarction Risk.

Rozanski et al. (2019) — Optimism, Cardiovascular Events, and Mortality.

Optimism and Cardiovascular Outcomes (2022) — Review of Optimism and Cardiovascular Health.

Purpose in Life and Mortality (2026) — Large Meta-Analysis.

Psychological Well-Being and All-Cause Mortality (2026) — Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Kabat-Zinn (1982) — Mindfulness Meditation for Chronic Pain.

Davidson et al. (2003) — Meditation-Induced Changes in Brain and Immune Function.

Tang et al. (2007) — Short-Term Meditation and Self-Regulation.

Hölzel et al. (2011) — Mindfulness and Brain Gray Matter Density.

Goyal et al. (2014) — Meditation Programs for Stress and Well-Being.

Creswell et al. (2012) — Mindfulness, Loneliness, and Inflammatory Gene Expression.

LeDoux (2000) — Emotion Circuits in the Brain.

Phelps et al. (2004) — Fear Extinction and the Amygdala–Prefrontal System.

Nader, Schafe & LeDoux (2000) — Memory Reconsolidation.

Schiller et al. (2010) — Preventing Return of Fear Through Memory Reconsolidation.

Milad et al. (2007) — Prefrontal Cortex, Hippocampus, and Fear Extinction.

Clark (2013) — Predictive Brains and Cognitive Science.

Thayer & Lane (2000) — A Model of Neurovisceral Integration in Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation.

McEwen (1998) — Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators: Allostasis and Allostatic Load.

Benedetti (2014) — Placebo and Nocebo Mechanisms and Their Clinical Implications.

Crum, Salovey & Achor (2013) — Rethinking Stress: The Role of Mindsets in Determining the Stress Response.

Tracey (2007) — Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway and Neural Regulation of Immunity.

Thayer et al. (2012) — Heart-Rate Variability and the Neural Regulation of Cardiac Function.

Dube et al. (2009) — Cumulative Childhood Stress and Autoimmune Disease.

Cole et al. (2007) — Social Regulation of Gene Expression.

Cole et al. (2015) — Social Adversity and Conserved Transcriptional Responses.

Barrett & Simmons (2015) — Interoceptive Predictions in the Brain.

Paulus & Stein (2010) — Anxiety and Interoception.

Van den Bergh et al. (2017) — Symptom Perception and Interoceptive Processing.

Tawakol et al. (2017) — Relation Between Resting Amygdalar Activity and Cardiovascular Events.

Wager et al. (2013) — An fMRI-Based Neurologic Signature of Physical Pain.

Benedetti et al. (2007) — Nocebo Hyperalgesia and Neurochemical Mechanisms.

Sullivan et al. (2001) — Pain Catastrophizing: Theoretical Perspectives and Research.

Mayer et al. (2015) — Brain–Gut Interactions in Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Pellissier & Bonaz (2017) — Heart-Rate Variability and Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Rosenkranz et al. (2005) — Emotion-Induced Airway Inflammation in Asthma.

Rosenkranz et al. (2012) — Mindfulness and Stress-Related Inflammatory Responses.

Ritz et al. (2010) — Psychological Stress and Asthma Pathophysiology.

Matthews et al. (2010) — Psychosocial Factors and Metabolic Syndrome.

Hackett & Steptoe (2017) — Psychobiological Mechanisms in Obesity and Metabolic Disease.

Surwit et al. (2002) — Stress Management and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes.

Kiecolt-Glaser et al. (1995) — Slowing of Wound Healing by Psychological Stress.

Marsland et al. (2006) — Optimism and Antibody Responses.

Wilson et al. (2007) — Purpose in Life and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease.

Lupien et al. (2009) — Effects of Stress Throughout the Lifespan on the Brain, Behavior, and Cognition.

McEwen (2007) — Physiology and Neurobiology of Stress and Adaptation.

Antoni et al. (2006) — Stress Management and Psychosocial Outcomes in Breast Cancer.

Lutgendorf & Sood (2011) — Biobehavioral Factors and Cancer Progression.

Evers et al. (2010) — Stress, Psychological Factors, and Psoriasis.

Kabat-Zinn et al. (1998) — Mindfulness Meditation and Psoriasis Phototherapy.

Fortune et al. (2005) — Psychological Interventions and Skin Disease.

Nakatomi et al. (2014) — Neuroinflammation in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis.

Louis et al. (2011) — Stress Biomarkers and Time to Pregnancy.

Domar et al. (2011) — Mind–Body Interventions and IVF Outcomes.

Riemann et al. (2010) — The Hyperarousal Model of Insomnia.

Harvey (2002) — A Cognitive Model of Insomnia.

Trauer et al. (2015) — Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: Meta-Analysis.

Kok et al. (2013) — Positive Emotions and Vagal Function.

Laborde et al. (2017) — Heart-Rate Variability and Psychophysiological Self-Regulation.

Weaver et al. (2004) — Epigenetic Programming by Maternal Behavior.

McGowan et al. (2009) — Epigenetic Regulation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Human Brain Associated With Childhood Abuse.

Kaliman et al. (2014) — Rapid Changes in Histone Deacetylases and Inflammatory Gene Expression Following Mindfulness Practice.

Slavich & Cole (2013) — Social Stress and Human Gene Expression.

Häuser et al. (2012) — Nocebo Phenomena in Clinical Trials.

Heinrichs et al. (2003) — Social Support, Oxytocin, and Stress Responses.

Creswell et al. (2016) — Mindfulness Training and Stress-Related Biological Pathways.

Jacobs et al. (2011) — Intensive Meditation Training, Psychological Mediators, and Telomerase Activity.